Precision Shafts: Core Technology Analysis And Comprehensive Application Scenario Guide-Wuxi Xinluo Hydraulic Machinery Co., Ltd

1. Introduction

In the context of global industrial upgrading and intelligent manufacturing, the demand for high-precision, high-stability equipment is increasing day by day, and precision shafts, as the ""core skeleton"" of high-precision transmission and positioning systems, have become an important symbol of the technical level of high-end equipment manufacturing. Different from ordinary mechanical shafts, precision shafts require extremely strict dimensional accuracy, shape accuracy, surface quality, and mechanical properties, which can meet the high-precision motion control and load-bearing requirements of equipment in harsh working environments such as high speed, high pressure, and high temperature.

With the continuous development of precision machining technology, new material technology, and detection technology, the core technology of precision shafts has been continuously upgraded, and the application fields have been further expanded. However, in the actual production and application process, there are still problems such as unclear understanding of core technologies, improper material selection, non-standard machining processes, and mismatching between precision shafts and application scenarios, which seriously affect the operational accuracy and service life of equipment, and even lead to equipment failure and economic losses.

Therefore, it is necessary to systematically sort out the core technologies of precision shafts, clarify the technical characteristics and application rules of each link, and formulate a comprehensive application scenario guide. This paper takes precision shafts as the research object, focuses on core technologies and application scenarios, verifies the application effect through practical cases, discusses common technical problems and solutions, and provides a comprehensive reference for the industry, which is of great significance for promoting the rational application of precision shafts and the upgrading of high-precision equipment manufacturing technology.

2. Core Technologies of Precision Shafts

The manufacturing of precision shafts is a systematic project involving multiple technical links, and each core technology link is closely linked, directly determining the final performance and quality of precision shafts. The core technologies of precision shafts mainly include material selection and modification technology, precision machining technology, surface strengthening and finishing technology, and precision detection technology. The specific analysis is as follows:

2.1 Material Selection and Modification Technology

Material selection and modification are the foundation of precision shaft performance. The selected material must have excellent mechanical properties (strength, toughness, wear resistance, fatigue resistance), good machinability, and stability, and be modified according to the application requirements to further improve its performance. The core of this technology lies in matching the material performance with the application scenario, ensuring that the precision shaft can maintain stable performance under long-term high-precision operation.

2.1.1 Common Materials for Precision Shafts

- High-Strength Alloy Steel: The most widely used material for precision shafts, such as 40Cr, 45# steel, 20CrMnTi, and 12CrNi3A. 40Cr alloy steel has good comprehensive mechanical properties, tensile strength ≥980MPa, yield strength ≥785MPa, excellent wear resistance and fatigue resistance, and is suitable for medium and high-precision shafts in industrial automation, precision machining, and other fields. 20CrMnTi has high hardenability and wear resistance, and is suitable for precision shafts requiring high surface hardness and wear resistance (such as gear shafts, precision transmission shafts). 12CrNi3A is a high-grade alloy steel with excellent toughness and fatigue resistance, suitable for high-precision shafts in aerospace and other harsh environments.

- Stainless Steel: Suitable for precision shafts in corrosive environments, such as 304, 316L, and 17-4PH stainless steel. 316L stainless steel has excellent corrosion resistance to seawater, acid, and alkali, and good mechanical properties, suitable for precision shafts in marine equipment, medical equipment, and chemical fields. 17-4PH stainless steel has high strength and corrosion resistance, and can be strengthened by heat treatment, suitable for high-precision, high-corrosion resistance scenarios.

- Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys: Suitable for lightweight and high-precision scenarios, such as TC4 titanium alloy, 6061 aluminum alloy, and brass. TC4 titanium alloy has high specific strength, excellent high-temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, suitable for precision shafts in aerospace, medical equipment, and other fields. 6061 aluminum alloy is lightweight, has good machinability, and is suitable for lightweight precision shafts in electronic equipment and automotive fields.

- Special Engineering Materials: For ultra-high precision and harsh environment scenarios, such as carbon fiber composites, ceramic materials. Carbon fiber composites have lightweight, high strength, and good stability, suitable for precision shafts in high-speed equipment; ceramic materials have excellent wear resistance, high-temperature resistance, and corrosion resistance, suitable for precision shafts in extreme working conditions.

2.1.2 Material Modification Technology

Material modification is to improve the mechanical properties and machinability of materials through heat treatment or chemical treatment, so as to meet the performance requirements of precision shafts. Common modification technologies include:

- Quenching and Tempering Treatment: The most common modification technology, which can improve the strength, toughness, and wear resistance of materials. For alloy steel precision shafts, quenching at 820℃~860℃ and tempering at 500℃~600℃ can make the material structure uniform, improve the comprehensive mechanical properties, and avoid brittleness.

- Carburizing and Quenching Treatment: Suitable for precision shafts requiring high surface hardness and wear resistance (such as gear shafts). The material is carburized at 900℃~950℃ to form a high-carbon layer on the surface, then quenched and tempered to make the surface hardness reach HRC58~HRC62, while maintaining good toughness in the core.

- Nitriding Treatment: A surface strengthening technology that forms a hard nitrided layer (thickness 0.10mm~0.20mm) on the surface of the precision shaft, which can significantly improve the surface hardness, wear resistance, and fatigue strength. Nitriding treatment has little deformation, which is suitable for ultra-high precision shafts that require no deformation after treatment.

- Shot Peening Treatment: A surface strengthening technology that uses high-speed shot to impact the surface of the precision shaft, forming a residual compressive stress layer on the surface, which can improve the fatigue strength and wear resistance of the shaft, and avoid fatigue fracture during long-term operation.

2.2 Precision Machining Technology

Precision machining is the core link to ensure the dimensional accuracy, shape accuracy, and surface quality of precision shafts. The machining accuracy of precision shafts is usually required to reach IT5~IT7, the surface roughness Ra≤0.4μm, and the straightness deviation ≤0.002mm/m. Common precision machining technologies include precision turning, precision grinding, honing, and polishing, and different machining technologies are selected according to the precision requirements and structural characteristics of the shaft.

- Precision Turning: The basic precision machining technology, mainly used for the initial machining of precision shafts, to ensure the basic dimensional accuracy and shape accuracy. It uses high-precision CNC lathes with high rigidity and high precision, and matches with high-precision cutting tools (such as diamond tools, cubic boron nitride tools) to achieve high-precision turning. The machining accuracy can reach IT6~IT7, and the surface roughness Ra≤1.6μm. Precision turning is suitable for the machining of cylindrical surfaces, end faces, and stepped surfaces of precision shafts.

- Precision Grinding: The key technology to improve the precision of precision shafts, mainly used for the finishing of the outer surface and inner surface of the shaft, to further improve the dimensional accuracy, shape accuracy, and surface quality. Common precision grinding technologies include cylindrical grinding, internal grinding, and centerless grinding. Cylindrical grinding uses high-precision cylindrical grinders, with a machining accuracy of IT5~IT6, a surface roughness Ra≤0.2μm, and a straightness deviation ≤0.001mm/m. Centerless grinding is suitable for batch machining of small-diameter precision shafts, with high machining efficiency and stable precision.

- Honing: A precision finishing technology, mainly used for the inner surface of precision shafts (such as hollow precision shafts), which can improve the dimensional accuracy, shape accuracy, and surface quality of the inner surface. The honing process uses a honing head with abrasive stones to perform low-speed, high-pressure relative motion between the tool and the shaft, removing a small amount of material (0.01mm~0.10mm) to make the inner surface smooth and uniform. After honing, the inner diameter tolerance can reach IT5~IT6, roundness ≤0.002mm, and surface roughness Ra≤0.1μm.

- Polishing: The final finishing technology, mainly used to improve the surface quality of precision shafts, reduce the surface roughness, and improve the wear resistance and corrosion resistance. Common polishing technologies include mechanical polishing, chemical polishing, and electrolytic polishing. Mechanical polishing uses a polishing wheel with abrasive paste to polish the surface of the shaft, making the surface roughness Ra≤0.05μm; electrolytic polishing can make the surface of the shaft more smooth and uniform, and improve the corrosion resistance.

The key control points of precision machining technology are: ensuring the rigidity and precision of the machining equipment, selecting appropriate cutting tools and machining parameters, controlling the machining temperature (avoiding thermal deformation), and reducing the vibration during machining, so as to ensure the stability and consistency of machining precision.

2.3 Surface Strengthening and Finishing Technology

Surface strengthening and finishing are important measures to improve the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and service life of precision shafts. On the basis of precision machining, through surface treatment technology, the surface performance of the precision shaft is further improved, while ensuring that the dimensional accuracy and shape accuracy of the shaft are not affected. Common surface strengthening and finishing technologies include:

- Chrome Plating: A common surface treatment technology, which forms a dense chrome plating layer (thickness 0.05mm~0.10mm) on the surface of the precision shaft. The chrome plating layer has good wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and surface smoothness, which can reduce the friction between the shaft and the matching parts, and extend the service life. It is suitable for precision shafts in industrial automation, precision machining, and other fields, but the chrome plating layer is prone to peeling if the process is improper.

- Electrophoresis and Powder Coating: Mainly used for precision shafts in corrosive environments, which can form a dense anti-corrosion coating on the surface, improving corrosion resistance. The coating has good adhesion, uniform thickness, and can meet the decorative and anti-corrosion requirements of precision shafts. It is suitable for precision shafts in marine equipment, medical equipment, and other fields.

- Nano-Coating Technology: A new surface treatment technology, which forms a nano-coating (thickness 10nm~100nm) on the surface of the precision shaft. The nano-coating has excellent wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and lubricity, which can significantly improve the surface performance of the precision shaft and extend the service life. It is suitable for ultra-high precision and harsh environment precision shafts (such as aerospace, high-speed equipment).

- Polishing and Buffing: As the final surface finishing process, it can further reduce the surface roughness of the precision shaft, make the surface smooth and bright, and improve the wear resistance and corrosion resistance. Polishing and buffing are usually used in conjunction with precision grinding, and the surface roughness can reach Ra≤0.01μm for ultra-high precision shafts.

2.4 Precision Detection Technology

Precision detection is an important guarantee for the quality of precision shafts, which runs through the entire manufacturing process of precision shafts, including raw material detection, semi-finished product detection, and finished product detection. The core of precision detection technology is to use high-precision detection equipment and methods to accurately measure the dimensional accuracy, shape accuracy, surface quality, and mechanical properties of precision shafts, ensuring that each technical indicator meets the design requirements.

2.4.1 Key Detection Indicators

- Dimensional Accuracy: Including outer diameter, inner diameter, length, wall thickness, and other dimensions, the tolerance is usually IT5~IT7. For example, the outer diameter tolerance of high-precision transmission shafts is usually IT5, and the deviation is within ±0.001mm.

- Shape Accuracy: Including straightness, roundness, cylindricity, and coaxiality. The straightness deviation of precision shafts is usually ≤0.002mm/m, the roundness ≤0.001mm, and the coaxiality ≤0.002mm.

- Surface Quality: Including surface roughness, surface defects (scratches, burrs, corrosion pits), and surface hardness. The surface roughness Ra≤0.4μm for general precision shafts, Ra≤0.1μm for high-precision shafts, and no obvious surface defects.

- Mechanical Properties: Including tensile strength, yield strength, hardness, and fatigue strength, which are detected according to the material and application requirements.

2.4.2 Common Precision Detection Equipment and Methods

- Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM): A high-precision detection equipment, which can accurately measure the dimensional accuracy and shape accuracy of precision shafts, with a measurement accuracy of up to 0.0001mm. It is suitable for the detection of complex-shaped precision shafts and large-scale precision shafts.

- Roundness Meter and Straightness Meter: Special detection equipment for shape accuracy, which can accurately measure the roundness and straightness of precision shafts, with a measurement accuracy of up to 0.0001mm/m. It is suitable for the detection of cylindrical precision shafts.

- Surface Roughness Meter: Used to measure the surface roughness of precision shafts, with a measurement range of Ra0.001μm~Ra10μm, which can accurately reflect the surface smoothness of the shaft.

- Hardness Tester: Used to measure the surface hardness and core hardness of precision shafts, including Brinell hardness tester, Rockwell hardness tester, and Vickers hardness tester. The surface hardness of precision shafts is usually measured by Vickers hardness tester, with high measurement accuracy.

- Optical Microscope and Electron Microscope: Used to observe the surface defects and microstructure of precision shafts, which can detect tiny surface scratches, burrs, and corrosion pits, and analyze the material structure.

3. Comprehensive Application Scenario Guide for Precision Shafts

Precision shafts, with their ultra-high precision and stable performance, are widely used in various high-end fields. The selection of precision shafts must be based on the application scenario, working conditions, and performance requirements, and the appropriate material, specification, and processing technology must be selected to ensure that the precision shaft can meet the operational requirements of the equipment. This section sorts out the typical application scenarios of precision shafts in different fields, and clarifies the matching requirements and application characteristics.

3.1 Aerospace Field

The aerospace field has extremely strict requirements for the precision, reliability, and high-temperature resistance of components. Precision shafts are core components in aircraft, rockets, and satellites, mainly used in flight control systems, engine transmission systems, and precision positioning systems.

Application Characteristics: The precision shafts used in aerospace are usually made of high-strength alloy steel (12CrNi3A, 20CrMnTi) or titanium alloy (TC4), which are subjected to nitriding or shot peening surface treatment to improve their strength, wear resistance, and fatigue resistance. The precision requirements are extremely high, the dimensional tolerance is IT5~IT6, the straightness deviation ≤0.001mm/m, and the surface roughness Ra≤0.1μm. They are mainly used in aircraft rudder transmission shafts, engine turbine shafts, satellite positioning shafts, etc. The precision shafts in the aerospace field must withstand high temperature, high pressure, and alternating loads, and have good stability and reliability to ensure the safe operation of the aircraft and satellite.

3.2 Industrial Automation Field

Industrial automation is the largest application field of precision shafts. With the development of intelligent manufacturing, the demand for high-precision, high-speed, and stable transmission components is increasing. Precision shafts are widely used in robotic arms, CNC machine tools, conveyor systems, and other equipment.

Application Characteristics: The precision shafts used in industrial automation are usually made of 40Cr alloy steel or 20CrMnTi, which are subjected to quenching and tempering or carburizing and quenching treatment, and the surface is chrome-plated or polished. The precision requirements are IT6~IT7, the straightness deviation ≤0.002mm/m, and the surface roughness Ra≤0.4μm. For example, the precision transmission shafts of robotic arms require high coaxiality and stability to ensure the precise positioning and smooth motion of the robotic arm; the precision lead screws of CNC machine tools require high precision and wear resistance to ensure the machining accuracy of the machine tool. In addition, precision shafts in industrial automation need to have high fatigue strength to adapt to high-frequency reciprocating motion.

3.3 Precision Machining Field

Precision machining equipment (such as precision lathes, precision grinders, and machining centers) relies heavily on precision shafts to ensure machining accuracy. Precision shafts are core components in the spindle, feed system, and transmission system of precision machining equipment.

Application Characteristics: The precision shafts used in precision machining equipment are usually made of high-strength alloy steel (40Cr, 12CrNi3A) or ceramic materials, which are subjected to precision grinding and polishing treatment, and the surface is nitrided or nano-coated. The precision requirements are extremely high, the dimensional tolerance is IT5, the straightness deviation ≤0.001mm/m, and the surface roughness Ra≤0.05μm. For example, the spindle of a precision grinder is a typical precision shaft, which requires high rotational accuracy and stability to ensure the grinding accuracy of the workpiece; the feed screw of a precision lathe requires high precision and wear resistance to ensure the feed accuracy of the tool. The precision shafts in the precision machining field must have good rigidity and stability to avoid deformation during high-speed rotation.

3.4 Medical Equipment Field

Medical equipment requires components to be high-precision, non-toxic, corrosion-resistant, and easy to clean. Precision shafts are widely used in medical imaging equipment, surgical robots, medical lifting equipment, and other fields.

Application Characteristics: The precision shafts used in medical equipment are usually made of 316L stainless steel or 17-4PH stainless steel, which are subjected to electrophoresis or electrolytic polishing surface treatment to ensure non-toxicity, corrosion resistance, and easy cleaning. The precision requirements are IT6~IT7, the straightness deviation ≤0.002mm/m, and the surface roughness Ra≤0.2μm. For example, the precision shafts of surgical robots require high precision and stability to ensure the accuracy of surgical operations; the precision shafts of medical imaging equipment require high coaxiality and low noise to avoid affecting the imaging effect. In addition, the precision shafts in the medical equipment field must meet the medical grade standards, with no pollution and good biocompatibility.

3.5 Electronic Equipment Field

With the miniaturization and high-precision development of electronic equipment, the demand for small-diameter, high-precision precision shafts is increasing. Precision shafts are widely used in mobile phones, cameras, printers, and other electronic equipment.

Application Characteristics: The precision shafts used in electronic equipment are usually made of brass, 6061 aluminum alloy, or 304 stainless steel, which are small in diameter (usually 0.5mm~5mm), and subjected to precision turning and polishing treatment. The precision requirements are IT6~IT7, the straightness deviation ≤0.003mm/m, and the surface roughness Ra≤0.4μm. For example, the precision shafts of camera lenses require high precision and stability to ensure the focusing accuracy of the lens; the precision shafts of printer rollers require high wear resistance and smoothness to ensure the printing quality. The precision shafts in the electronic equipment field must be lightweight, small in size, and have good machinability to adapt to the miniaturization of equipment.

3.6 Marine Equipment Field

Marine equipment works in a harsh marine environment (high humidity, high salt spray, corrosive seawater), which requires components to have good corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and stability. Precision shafts are widely used in marine power systems, navigation systems, and auxiliary equipment.

Application Characteristics: The precision shafts used in marine equipment are usually made of 316L stainless steel or 5052 aluminum alloy, which are subjected to electrophoresis or powder coating surface treatment to further improve corrosion resistance. The precision requirements are IT6~IT7, the straightness deviation ≤0.003mm/m, and the surface roughness Ra≤0.4μm. They are mainly used in marine engine transmission shafts, navigation equipment positioning shafts, and ship door pneumatic actuators. Compared with ordinary precision shafts, marine precision shafts need to have better corrosion resistance to adapt to the high-salt and high-humidity marine environment, and have good fatigue strength to withstand the impact of waves.

3.7 Other Application Scenarios

In addition to the above fields, precision shafts are also used in automotive manufacturing (high-precision transmission shafts, steering shafts), optical equipment (lens adjustment shafts, mirror positioning shafts), and military equipment (precision guided weapon transmission shafts). In these fields, precision shafts play the role of precision transmission and positioning, ensuring the stable operation and high precision of equipment.

4. Key Selection Factors and Matching Principles of Precision Shafts

The rational selection of precision shafts is the key to ensuring the operational accuracy, stability, and service life of equipment. The selection must follow the principles of matching application scenarios, balancing performance and cost, and ensuring compatibility with other components. The key selection factors and matching principles are as follows:

4.1 Key Selection Factors

- Working Conditions: Including operating pressure, motion speed, working temperature, and environmental corrosion. High-pressure scenarios require high-strength precision shafts; high-speed scenarios require precision shafts with good wear resistance and stability; high-temperature scenarios require precision shafts made of high-temperature resistant materials; corrosive environments require precision shafts with good corrosion resistance.

- Precision Requirements: According to the equipment's machining accuracy or positioning accuracy requirements, determine the dimensional tolerance, shape accuracy, and surface roughness of the precision shaft. Ultra-high precision equipment (such as precision grinders) requires precision shafts with IT5 tolerance and Ra≤0.05μm surface roughness; general precision equipment (such as ordinary robotic arms) can select precision shafts with IT6~IT7 tolerance.

- Material Performance: Select the appropriate material according to the working conditions and precision requirements. High-strength, high-wear scenarios select high-strength alloy steel; corrosive scenarios select stainless steel; lightweight scenarios select aluminum alloy or titanium alloy; ultra-high precision scenarios select ceramic materials or carbon fiber composites.

- Structural Design: According to the installation space and transmission requirements, select the appropriate structural type of precision shaft (solid shaft, hollow shaft, stepped shaft, spline shaft). Solid shafts are suitable for heavy-load scenarios; hollow shafts are suitable for lightweight and high-speed scenarios; spline shafts are suitable for high-torque transmission scenarios.

- Cost Factor: On the premise of meeting the performance requirements, select the precision shaft with reasonable cost. For example, ordinary precision equipment can select 40Cr alloy steel precision shafts; high-end equipment (such as aerospace, medical) can select titanium alloy or stainless steel precision shafts.

4.2 Matching Principles

- Matching with Application Scenarios: The precision, material, and surface treatment of the precision shaft must match the working conditions of the application scenario. For example, marine equipment must select corrosion-resistant stainless steel precision shafts; aerospace equipment must select high-strength, high-precision titanium alloy precision shafts.

- Matching with Other Components: The precision shaft must be compatible with the matching components (such as bearings, gears, seals), ensuring that the dimensional accuracy, connection mode, and load-bearing capacity are matched. For example, the outer diameter of the precision shaft must match the inner diameter of the bearing to avoid jamming or leakage.

- Balancing Performance and Cost: Avoid over-selection (selecting ultra-high precision shafts for general precision equipment, increasing procurement cost) or under-selection (selecting low-precision shafts for high-precision equipment, affecting equipment performance). According to the actual needs, select the precision shaft with the highest cost-effectiveness.

- Matching with Processing Technology: The selected precision shaft must be compatible with the existing processing technology and detection equipment, ensuring that the production and detection can be carried out smoothly. For example, if the enterprise does not have ultra-high precision detection equipment, it is not suitable to select precision shafts with IT5 tolerance.

5. Practical Application Cases and Effect Analysis

To further verify the application value of precision shaft core technologies and selection methods, this section selects typical application cases in industrial automation, precision machining, and medical equipment fields, and analyzes the performance improvement and economic benefits brought by scientific selection and standardized manufacturing of precision shafts.

5.1 Case 1: Precision Shaft Application in Industrial Automation Robotic Arms

An industrial automation manufacturer produces robotic arms, and the original precision transmission shafts use 45# steel, with problems such as low precision, poor stability, and short service life. The precision of the robotic arm is only ±0.1mm, the service life of the precision shaft is 12 months, and the annual maintenance cost per robotic arm is about 8,000 yuan. The main reason is that 45# steel has low strength and poor fatigue resistance, and the machining precision does not meet the requirements.

The manufacturer optimized the selection and manufacturing process: replaced 45# steel with 40Cr alloy steel, performed carburizing and quenching treatment, and adopted precision grinding and chrome plating surface treatment, with the dimensional tolerance IT6, surface roughness Ra≤0.4μm, and straightness deviation ≤0.002mm/m. After the improvement, the precision of the robotic arm is improved to ±0.01mm, the service life of the precision shaft is extended to 48 months, and the annual maintenance cost per robotic arm is reduced to 2,000 yuan. Based on the annual production of 500 robotic arms, the annual maintenance cost is reduced by 3 million yuan, and the production efficiency of the robotic arm is increased by 20%, achieving significant economic benefits.

5.2 Case 2: Precision Shaft Application in Precision Grinding Machines

A precision machining equipment manufacturer produces precision grinders, and the original spindle (core precision shaft) uses 40Cr alloy steel, with problems such as poor rotational accuracy, easy deformation, and low machining accuracy of the workpiece. The rotational accuracy of the spindle is 0.005mm, and the machining accuracy of the workpiece is only IT7, which cannot meet the needs of high-precision machining.

The manufacturer optimized the core technology: replaced 40Cr alloy steel with 12CrNi3A high-grade alloy steel, performed nitriding treatment and precision grinding, and adopted nano-coating surface treatment, with the dimensional tolerance IT5, surface roughness Ra≤0.05μm, and straightness deviation ≤0.001mm/m. After the improvement, the rotational accuracy of the spindle is improved to 0.001mm, the machining accuracy of the workpiece is upgraded to IT5, and the qualified rate of the workpiece is increased by 30%. The product competitiveness of the precision grinder is significantly improved, and the sales volume is increased by 25%.

5.3 Case 3: Precision Shaft Application in Medical Surgical Robots

A medical equipment manufacturer produces surgical robots, and the original precision positioning shafts use 304 stainless steel, with problems such as poor corrosion resistance, high surface roughness, and poor biocompatibility. The precision positioning shafts are corroded after 6 months of use, affecting the surgical accuracy, and the maintenance cost is high.

The manufacturer optimized the selection and surface treatment: replaced 304 stainless steel with 316L stainless steel, performed electrolytic polishing surface treatment, with the dimensional tolerance IT6, surface roughness Ra≤0.2μm, and passed the medical grade certification. After the improvement, the precision positioning shafts have no corrosion after 24 months of use, the surgical accuracy is improved to ±0.005mm, and the maintenance cost is reduced by 90%. The safety and reliability of the surgical robot are significantly improved, and it has been widely used in major hospitals.